Clovis Loves Killing

Gregory of Tours, Histories 2.42:

Clovis however came and made war against Ragnachar. Ragnachar, seeing that his army had been defeated, prepared to slip away, but as he was doing so he was captured by his army, had his hands tied behind his back, and was brought before Clovis along with his brother Ricchar. Clovis addressed him thus: “Why did you humiliate our people by letting them tie you up? It would have been better for you to die.” Raising the axe, he fixed it into his head, and turning to his brother he said, “If you had granted your brother some solace, he would not at any rate have been bound up” and killed him with a similar blow of the axe.

After their deaths, the men who had betrayed them learned that the gold which they had received from the king was adulterated. When they complained of this to the king himself, he responded, “Rightly does one receive such gold when they lead their master to death by their own choice.” He added that it ought to be enough for them to live on that they would not atone for the betrayal of their master by dying under torture. When they heard this, they decided to take the hint and the favor, claiming that it was indeed enough for them if they were allowed to live.

There were however relations of the king mentioned earlier: their brother, named Rignomeris, was killed in the city of Mans on the orders of Clovis. After their deaths, Clovis received all of their kingdoms and all of their treasure. Once all of these and many other kings had been killed along with his nearest relations (who, he feared, might take his kingdom away from him), he extended his reign over all of Gaul. Then he gathered all of his people together at once and he said to have spoken about his relations, whom he killed, in this way: “Ah, pity me, I who remain as a stranger in a strange land and have no relatives who could help me if I were faced with some adversity!” He said this not to grieve over their deaths, but to lay a trap to see whether he might find someone else whom he could kill.

Veniens autem Chlodovechus, bellum contra eum instruit. At ille devictum cernens exercitum suum, fuga labi parat, sed ab exercitum conpraehensus ac ligatis postergum manibus in conspectu Chlodovechi una cum Richario fratre suo perducetur. Cui ille: ‘Cur’, inquid, ‘humiliasti genus nostrum, ut te vincere permitteris? Melius enim tibi fuerat mori’. Et elevatam securem capite eius defixit, conversusque ad fratrem eius, ait: ‘Si tu solatium fratri tribuissis, allegatus utique non fuisset’; similiter et hunc secure percussum interfecit.

Post quorum mortem cognuscent proditores eorum, aurum, quod a regi acceperant, esse adulterum. Quod cum rege dixissent, ille respondisse fertur: ‘Merito’, inquid, ‘tale aurum accepit, qui domino suo ad mortem propria voluntate deducit’; hoc illis quod viverent debere sufficere, ne male proditionem dominorum suorum luituri inter tormenta deficerent. Quod ille audientes, optabant gratiam adipisci, illud sibi adserentes sufficere, si vivere mererentur. Fuerunt autem supradicti regis propinqui huius; quorum frater Rignomeris nomen apud Cinomannis civitatem ex iusso Chlodovechi est interfectus. Quibus mortuis, omnem regnum eorum et thesaurus Chlodovechus accepit. Interfectisque et aliis multis regibus vel parentibus suis primis, de quibus zelum habebat, ne ei regnum auferrent, regnum suum per totas Gallias dilatavit. Tamen, congregatis suis quadam vice, dixisse fertur de parentibus, quos ipse perdiderat: ‘Vae mihi, qui tamquam peregrinus inter extraneus remansi et non habeo de parentibus, qui mihi, si venerit adversitas, possit aliquid adiuvare’. Sed hoc non de morte horum condolens, sed dolo dicebat, si forte potuisset adhuc aliquem repperire, ut interficeret.

Disappointing Delphic Demands

Rousseau, Reveries of a Solitary Walker (4):

Among the tiny number of books that I sometimes read again, Plutarch is the one that ropes me in and does me the most good. He was the first thing I read in childhood, and he will be the last thing I read in my old age. He is pretty much the only author that I have never read without drawing some benefit. Just the other day I was reading in his Moralia the essay How One Can Profit from One’s Enemies. That same day, flipping through some pamphlets that were sent to me by various authors, I happened upon one of the journals of the abbé Royou, in the title of which he had added these words: vitam vero impendenti, Royou. Being too experienced in the ways of these gentlemen to be duped by this crap, I understood that through this air of politeness he thought that I had told some cruel lie; but what was this founded on? What was up with this sarcasm? What reason could I have given him for it? In order to gain some profit from the lessons of the good Plutarch, I resolved to busy myself in examining this lie the next day, and I became totally confirmed in the opinion that I had formed earlier: that the maxim Know Thyself at the temple of Delphi was not so easy to follow as I had thought when I wrote my Confessions.

Dans le petit nombre de livres que je lis quelquefois encore, Plutarque est celui qui m’attache et me profite le plus. Ce fut la première lecture de mon enfance, ce sera la dernière de ma vieillesse; c’est presque le seul auteur que je n’ai jamais lu sans en tirer quelque fruit. Avant-hier, je lisois dans ses œuvres morales le traité Comment on pourra tirer utilité de ses ennemis. Le même jour, en rangeant quelques brochures qui m’ont été envoyées par les auteurs, je tombai sur un des journaux de l’abbé Royou, au titre duquel il avoit mis ces paroles: vitam vero impendenti, Royou. Trop au fait des tournures de ces messieurs pour prendre le change sur celle-là, je compris qu’il avoit cru sous cet air de politesse me dire une cruelle contre-vérité; mais sur quoi fondé? Pourquoi ce sarcasme? Quel sujet y pouvois-je avoir donné? Pour mettre à profit les leçons du bon Plutarque, je résolus d’employer à m’examiner sur le mensonge la promenade du lendemain, et j’y vins bien confirmé dans l’opinion déjà prise que le Connois-toi toi-même du temple de Delphes n’étoit pas une maxime si facile à suivre que je l’avois cru dans mes Confessions.

A/Non Anonymous

H.W. Fowler, A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: a-, an-:

a-, an-, not or without. Punctilious word-making requires that these should be prefixed only to Greek stems; of such compounds there are some hundreds, whereas Latin-stemmed words having any currency even in scientific use do not perhaps exceed half a dozen. There are the botanical ascapular and acaulous, the biological asexual and acaudate, and the literary amoral. This last being literary, there is the less excuse for its having been preferred to the more orthodox non-moral. Amoral is a novelty whose progress has been rapid. In 1888, the OED called it a nonce-word, but in 1933 full recognition had to be conceded. These words should not be treated as precedents for future word-making.

fowler on pedantry and purism

F**k Poggio!

Francesco Diana to Lorenzo Valla (December 1452)

Never did anyone feel greater joy than I did when I read your Invective against Poggio, that endlessly garrulous shit talker. You shut the mouths of his zealous little partisans who used to mock me for preferring your writings to all of their scribbles after they read his Invective against you. I triumph over them and, as they say, return like for like; and this hurts them to no end. They marvel at your genius and your learning, and I brought them from sickness into health so that now they always have the name of Lorenzo in their mouths.

Nulla umquam maior letitia fuit quam ea quam nuper ex invectiva tua in Pogium, procacissimum hominem et maledicum accepi; quod multis Pogii studiosissimis, qui me ridebant, accepta illius in te Invectiva, quod omnium scriptis tua preferebam, os compressisti. Triumpho ego inter illos et par pari, ut aiunt, refero; quod eos vehementissime mordet. Admirantur ingenium tuum et doctrinam et ex insanis sanissimos eos feci, adeo ut Laurentium semper in ore habeant.

Too Much Elegance!

Lorenzo Valla to Giacomo Moro, 

Letter ca. March 1433:

Your letter seemed to me so decorous, so serious, so stuffed with the noblest sentiments, that I didn’t dare to write back to you before now. And so, you ought to be mad with and chalk the fault up to your own excessive elegance rather than to my excessive negligence. Who would dare to look at the rays of the sun? In just such a way, your letter did a number on my eyes with its overpowering light. Now, after a long time, as if I had regained my sight and strength, I am writing back to you.

Lorenzo Valla - Wikipedia

Littere tue ita ornate, ita graves, ita optimis sententiis referte vise sunt, ut adhuc scribere ad te non sim ausus. Itaque debes magis succensere et imputare tue nimie elegantie quam mee nimie neglegentie. Quis enim audeat in solis radios inspicere? Ita tue littere pernimio fulgore oculos meos perstrinxerunt. Nunc itaque post longum tempus quasi resumpto visu recuperatisque viribus ad te scribo.

Togas? I’m Forum!

Vergil, Aeneid 1.278-282:

On these I place neither spatial nor temporal limits: I have given them power without end. Indeed even harsh Juno, who now wears out sea and land and sky with fear, will change her mind for the better, and with me she will cherish the Romans, masters of the world, the toga-bearing nation.

His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono;
imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Iuno,
quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,               280
consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit
Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam:

Suetonius, Divus Augustus (40)

Augustus even sought to bring back the old fashion of clothing, and when once he saw before the assembly a crowd dressed like commoners, he was angry and shouted, “Behold the Romans, masters of the world, the toga-bearing nation!” He gave the aediles the job of ensuring that they not allow anyone afterward to stop in or around the forum unless they were wearing a toga without an overcoat.

Etiam habitum vestitumque pristinum reducere studuit, ac visa quondam pro contione pullatorum turba indignabundus et clamitans: “en Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam!” negotium aedilibus dedit, ne quem posthac paterentur in Foro circave nisi positis lacernis togatum consistere.

toga | Art History Glossary

 

Aeneas? I Never Met Him!

Greek Anthology 16.151:

On an Image of Dido

O stranger, you’re looking at a model of wide-famed Dido, an image shining with divine beauty. ‘I was such as you see, but I did not have the mind that you hear about, since I earned by fame for good deeds. I never saw Aeneas, nor did he ever come in the times of Troy’s destruction to Libya. Rather, fleeing from the compulsion of marrying Iarbas, I drove the double-edged sword into my heart. Muses, why did you arm divine Vergil against me to say such things against my self-control!?’

εἰς εἰκόνα Διδοῦς

ἀρχέτυπον Διδοῦς ἐρικυδέος, ὦ ξένε, λεύσσεις,

εἰκόνα θεσπεσίῳ κάλλεϊ λαμπομένην.

τοίη καὶ γενόμην, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ νόον, οἷον ἀκούεις,

ἔσχον, ἐπ᾽ εὐφήμοις δόξαν ἐνεγκαμένη.

οὐδὲ γὰρ Αἰνείαν ποτ᾽ ἐσέδρακον, οὐδὲ χρόνοισι

Τροίης περθομένης ἤλυθον ἐς Λιβύην:

ἀλλὰ βίας φεύγουσα Ἰαρβαίων ὑμεναίων

πῆξα κατὰ κραδίης φάσγανον ἀμφίτομον.

Πιερίδες, τί μοι ἁγνὸν ἐφωπλίσσασθε Μάρωνα

οἷα καθ᾽ ἡμετέρης ψεύσατο σωφροσύνης;

Quintilian’s Reading Recommendations

Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 1.8.5-6

It was laid down in the best way possible that the student’s reading should begin with Homer and Vergil, although one needs a firmer capacity for judgment to understand their virtues. But there is time remaining for this, since they will not be read only once. For the time being, the mind should rise up from the sublimity of heroic song and draw its breath from the grandeur of the matter and be imbued with the noblest things.

Tragedies are useful: lyric poems will nourish the mind as well, if you carefully select not just the authors but even the parts of the work which are to be read. For the Greeks wrote a lot of things licentiously, and I wouldn’t even want to explain certain parts of Horace. Elegies, especially those about love, and hendecasyllabics, which are parts of Sotadean verse (and one should never teach about these) should be removed from the classroom if they can; if not, they should at least be reserved for a firmer time of life.

File:Quintilian, Institutio oratoria, Florence, Plut. 46.12.jpg - Wikimedia  Commons

Ideoque optime institutum est ut ab Homero atque Vergilio lectio inciperet, quamquam ad intellegendas eorum virtutes firmiore iudicio opus est: sed huic rei superest tempus, neque enim semel legentur. Interim et sublimitate heroi carminis animus adsurgat et ex magnitudine rerum spiritum ducat et optimis inbuatur. Vtiles tragoediae: alunt et lyrici, si tamen in iis non auctores modo sed etiam partes operis elegeris: nam et Graeci licenter multa et Horatium nolim in quibusdam interpretari. Elegia vero, utique qua amat, et hendecasyllabi, qui sunt commata sotadeorum (nam de sotadeis ne praecipiendum quidem est), amoveantur si fieri potest, si minus, certe ad firmius aetatis robur reserventur.

The Old Drink and Slink

Erasmus, Adagia 383

“Like a dog from the Nile…”

This adage is apparently taken from the apophthegm which Macrobius recalls in the first book of his Saturnalia, and it’s of this sort: after the flight at Mutina, as people asked what Marc Antony was doing, one of his close associates said that he was doing what a dog in Egypt does: drinking and running away. For it’s understood that the dogs in Egypt, being terrified of getting caught by crocodiles, drink and run off. One can use it this way: if we want to indicate that someone has dabbled in poetry by-the-by and in a trifling way, we say that they have at some time drunk from the poets, but in the manner of dogs drinking from the Nile.

Dogs, Mereruka 2C - G. Dagli Orti.jpg

Hoc adagium ex eo apophthegmate• natum apparet, cuius meminit Macrobius in primo Saturnalium, id est huiusmodi: Post fugam Mutinensem quaerentibus, quid ageret Anthonius, quidam familiaris eius respondit ‘quod canis in Aegipto: bibit et fugit’. Nam in illis regionibus constat canes raptu crocodilorum exterritos bibere et fugere. Eo hunc in modum vti licebit, vt si quem poeticam cursim et leuiter attigisse significemus, eum olim e poetis hausisse dicamus, sed ita vt canes e Nilo.

Bacon Bits of Wisdom

Francis Bacon, Novum Organum 1.56:

One can find some minds steeped in admiration for antiquity, and others in an embrace of the new. There are, however, few minds of the sort that can maintain the moderation either to avoid carping at those things which the ancients handled correctly or scorning those things which are rightly handled by the moderns. This happens to the detriment of philosophy and the sciences, since they constitute rather studies of antiquity and modernity rather than real judgments. The truth, however, is to be sought not from some accident of a particular time, which is a fickle thing, but from the light of nature and experience, which is eternal. And so, those studies are to be rejected, and we must see to it that our understanding is not violently driven to assent by them.

Francis Bacon - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Reperiuntur ingenia alia in admirationem antiquitatis, alia in amorem et amplexum novitatis effusa; pauca vero ejus temperamenti sunt, ut modum tenere possint, quin aut quae recte posita sunt ab antiquis convellant, aut ea contemnant quae recte afferuntur a novis. Hoc vero magno scientiarum et philosophiae detrimento fit, quum studia potius sint antiquitatis et novitatis, quam judicia: veritas autem non a felicitate temporis alicujus, quae res varia est; sed a lumine naturae et experientiae, quod aeternum est, petenda est. Itaque abneganda sunt ista studia; et videndum, ne intellectus ab illis ad consensum abripiatur.